Closed Crawl Spaces

R409.1 Air sealed walls. Closed crawl spaces shall be built to minimize the entry of outdoor air into the crawl space. specifcally prohibted are foundation wall vents and wall openings to ventilated porch foundations. When outdoor packaged heating and cooling equipment is used, solid blocking and sealants shall be used to seal gaps between the exterior wall opening and the smaller supply and return ducts that pass through the opening.

R409.1.1 Caulking and sealants. Air sealing caulk, gaskets or sealants shall be applied to the foundation wall and floor assemblies that separate the crawl space from outside and other ventilated areas such as joints around access door and frame, between foundation and still plate, at penetrations for plumbing, mechanical, electrical and gas lines and at duct penetrations.
R409.1.2 Acesss panel/door. A minimum access opening measuring 18 inches by 24 inches (457 mm by 610 mm) shall be provided to the crawl space. See the North Carolina Mechanical Code for access requirements where mechanical equipment is located under floors. To minimize air entry, provide a tight fitting access panel/door with a latch mechanism. Access panels or doors shall be insulated to a minimum of R-2.

R409.2 Groundwater vapor retarder. Closed crawl spaces shall be protected from water entry by the evaporation of water from the ground surface.

R409.2.1 Ground vapor retarder. A minimum 6-mil (0.15 mm) polyethylene vapor retarder or equivalent shall be installed to nominally cover all exposed earth in the crawl space, with joints lapped not less than 12 inches (305 mm). Minor pockets or wrinkles that prevent total drainage across the surface of the vapor retarder are allowed. The floor of the crawl space shall be graded so that it drains to one or more low spots. Install a drain to daylight or sump pump at each low spot. Crawl space drains shall be kept separate from roof gutter drain systems and foundation perimeter drains.
R409.2.2 Liner. The ground vapor retarder is permitted to be installed as a full interior liner by sealing the edges to the walls and beam columns and sealing the seams. Single piece liner systems are approved. The top edge of the wall liner shall terminate 3 inches (76 mm) below the top edge of the masonry foundation wall. The top edge of the liner shall be brought up the interior columns a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) above the crawl space floor. The floor of the crawl space shall be graded so that it drains to one or more low spots. Install a drain to daylight or sump pump at each low spot. Crawl space drains shall be separate from roof gutter drain systems and foundation perimeter drains.

R409.2.2.1 Wall liner termite inspection gap. Provide a clear and unobstructed 3 inch (76 mm) minimum, 4 inch (102 mm) maximum inspection gap between the top of the wall liner and the bottom of the wood sill. This inspection gap may be ignored with regards to energy performance and is not intended to create an energy penalty

R409.2.3 Concrete floor surfacing. The ground vapor retarder may be protected against ripping and displacement by pouring an unreinforced minimum 2 inch (51 mm) thick, concrete surface directly over the vapor barrier. A base course of gravel or other drainage material under the ground moisture barrier is not required. The floor of the crawl space shall be graded so that the concrete surface drains to one or more low spots. Install a drain to daylight or sump pump at each low spot. Crawl space drains shall be separate from roof gutter drain systems and foundation perimeter drains.
R409.2.4 Drains and vent terminations. Drains (including pressure relief and drain pans) shall terminate outdoors, to crawl space floor drains or interior pumps, and shall not intentionally discharge water into the crawl space. Crawl space drains shall be separate from roof gutter drain systems and foundation perimeter drains. Dryer vents shall terminate outdoors.

R409.3 Wall damp proofing. Where the outside grade is higher than the inside grade, the exterior walls shall be damp proofed from the top of the footing to the finished grade as required by Section R406.1

R409.4 Site Grading. Building site shall be graded to drain water away from the crawl space foundation in accordance with the requirements of Section R401.3

R409.5 Space moisture vapor control. Closed crawl space shall be provided with a mechanical drying capability to control space moisture levels. The allowed methods are listed below in SEctions R409.5.1 through R409.5. At least one method shall be provided; however, combination systems shall be allowed.

R409.5.1 Dehumidifer. A permanently installed dehumidifier shall be provided in the crawl space. The minimum rated capacity per day is 15 pints (7.1 liters). Condensate discharge shall be drained to daylight or interior condensate pump. A permanently installed dehumidifier shall be provided with an electrical outlet
R409.5.2 Supply air. Supply air from the dwelling air conditioning system shall be ducted into the crawl space at the rate of 1 cubic foot per minute (0.5 L/s) per 30 square feet (4.6m²) of crawl space floor area. No return air duct from the crawl space to the dwelling air conditioning system is allowed. The crawl space supply air duct shall be fitted with a backflow damper to prevent the entry of crawl space air into the supply duct system when the system fan is not operating. An air relief vent to the outdoors may be installed. Crawl spaces with moisture vapor control installed in accordance with this section are not considered plenums.
R409.5.3 House air. House air shall be blown into the crawl space with a fan at the rate of 1 cubic foot per minute (0.5 L/s) per 50 square feet (4.6 m²) of crawl space floor area. The fan motor shall be rated for continuous duty. No return air duct from the crawl space to the dwelling air conditioning system is allowed. An air relief vent to the outdoors may be installed. Crawl spaces with moisture vapor control installed in accordance with this section are not considered plenums.
R409.5.4 Exhaust fan. Crawl space air shall be exhausted to outside with a fan at the rate 1 cubic foot per minute (0.5 L/s) per 50 square feet (4.6 m²) of crawl space floor area. The fan motor shall be rated for continuous duty. There is no requirement for make-up air.
R409.5.5 Conditioned space. The crawl space shall be designed as a heated and cooled, conditioned space with wall insulation installed in accordance with the requirements of SEction R409.8. Intentionally returning air from the crawl space to space-conditioning equipment that serves the dwelling shall be allowed. Foam plastic insulation located in a crawl space plenum shall be protected against ignition by an approved thermal barrier.

R409.6 Plenums. Closed crawl space used as supply or return plenums for distribution of heated or cooled air shall comply with the requirements of the North Carolina Mechanical Code. Crawl space plenums shall not contain plumping cleanouts, gas liner or other prohibited components. Foam plastic insulation located in a crawl space plenum shall be protected against ignition by an approved thermal barrier.

R409.7 Combustion air. The air sealing requirements of a closed crawl space may result in a foundation that cannot provide adequate combustion air for fuel-burning appliances; therefore, fuel-burning appliances located in the crawl space such as furnaces and water heaters shall obtain combustion air from outdoors as in accordance with the North Carolina Mechanical Code.

R409.8 Insulation. The thermal insulation in a crawl space may be located in the floor system or at the exterior walls. The required insulation value can be determined from Table N1102.1.

Exception: Insulation shall be placed at the walls when the closed crawl space is designed to be intentionally heated or cooled, conditioned space.
R409.8.1 Wall insulation. Where the floor above a crawl space is not insulated, the walls shall be insulted. Wall insulation is permitted to be located on any combination of the exterior and interior surfaces and within the structural cavities or materials of the exterior crawl space walls. Wall insulation systems require that the band joist area of the floor frame be insulated. Wall insulation shall being 3 inches (76 mm) elbow the top of the masonry foundation wall and shall extend down to 3 inches (76 mm) above the interior ground surface or 24 inches (610 mm) below the outside finished ground level, whichever is less. No insulation shall be required on masonry walls of 9 inches (229 mm) height or less.

R409.8.1. Foam plastic termite inspection gap. For outside walls, Section R318.4 governs applications. When expanded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, or other foam plastic insulation is installed on the inside surface of the exterior foundation walls, provisions in Sections R409.1.1.1. Through R409.8.1.1.2 apply.

R409.8.1.1.1 Earth floored crawl spaces. Provide a clear and unobstructed 3-inch (76 mm) minimum, 4-inch (102 mm) maximum termite inspection gap between the top of the foam plastic wall insulation and the bottom of the wood sill. Because insulation ground contact is not allowed, provide a continuous 3-inch (76 mm) minimum clearance gap between the bottom edge of the foam plastic wall insulation and the earth floor surface. Refer to Section N1102.2.9 to determine maximum allowances for insulation gaps.
R409.8.1.1.2 Concrete floor surface crawl spaces. Provide a clear and unobstructed 3-inch (76 mm) minimum, 4-inch (102 mm) maximum termite inspection gap between the top of the foam plastic wall insulation and the bottom of the wood sill. Because insulation ground contact is not allowed, provide a continuous 3-inch (76 mm) minimum clearance gap between the bottom edge of the foam plastic wall insulation and the earth floor surface. Refer to Section N1102.2.9 to determine maximum allowances for insulation gaps.

R409.8.1.2 Porous insulation material. When fiber-glass, rockwool, cellulose or other porous insulation materials are installed on the inside wall surface of a closed crawl space, provide a clear and unobstructed 3-inch (76 mm) minimum termite inspection gap between the top of the porous wall insulation and the bottom of the wood sill.
To reduce wicking potential, porous insulation ground contact is not allowed in earth floored or concrete surfaces crawl spaces. Provide a continuous 3-inch (76 mm) minimum wicking gap between the bottom edge of the porous wall insulation and the earth or concrete floor surface. Refer to Section N1102.1.7 to determine maximum allowances for insulation gaps.

R409.8.2 Foam plastic fire safety. Foam plastic insulation may be installed inside crawl spaces without a thermal cover when the insulation product has been tested in accordance with ASTM E84 to have a flame-spread rating of not more than 25 and a smoke developed rating of not more than 450. Foam plastic that have not been tested to meet these ratings shall be protected against ignition by covering them with a thermal barrier. Acceptable therm barriers include ½-inch (13 mm) cement board, metal foil sheets, metal foil tape, steel or aluminum metal sheets or other approved materials installed in such a manner that the foam is not exposed.

Exception: Foam plastic insulation located in closed crawl spaces used as conditioned spaces or plenums shall be protected against ignition by an approved thermal barrier

R409.9 Floor air leakage control. All plumbing, electrical, duct, plenum, phone, cable, computer wiring and other penetrations through the subfloor shall be sealed with nonporous materials, caulks, or sealants. The use of rockwool or fiber-glass insulation is prohibited as an air sealant.

R409.10 Duct air leakage control. all eating and cooling ductwork located in the crawl space shall be sealed with mastic or other industry approved duct closure systems.

R409.11 Access. A minimum access opening measuring 18 inches by 24 inches (457 mm by 610 mm) shall be provided to the crawl space. See the North Carolina Mechanical Code for access requirements where mechanical equipment is located under floors.

R409.12 Removal of debris. The crawl space floor shall be cleaned of all vegetation and organic material. All wood forms used for placing shall be removed before the building is occupied or used for any purpose.

R409.13 Finished grade. The finished grade of the crawl space is permitted to be located at the bottom of the footings; however, where there is evidence that the groundwater table can rise to within 6 inches (152 mm) of the finished grade of the crawl space at the perimeter or where there is evidence that the surface water does not readily drain from the building site, the grade in the crawl space shall be as high as the outside finished grade, unless an approved drainage system is provided.

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